The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is an important commercial species in Trang province, Southern Thailand. This study investigated the reproductive biology that supports the largest regional small-scale fishery of this species. A total of 217 male and 214 female crabs were randomly sampled from the catches of small-scale fishers, on a monthly basis from October 2010 to September 2011. All stages of gonad (testes and ovaries) development of crabs were observed throughout the year. The monthly mean values of Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of male and female crabs ranged between 1.34 to 3.25, and 2.60 to 9.24%, respectively. Spawning season occurred twice a year, from December to February, and July to September. The sizes at 50% maturity (ICW50%) of male and females crabs were 8.02 and 8.09 cm, respectively. The fecundity of ovigerous crabs ranged widely from 98,627 to 1,319,480 eggs, with the average of 472,357 eggs. The fecundity of good breeder females ranged from 133,669 to 606,026 eggs.